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Introduction -
There are three different methods of accessing subversion repository…
1] Local filesystem or Network filesystem accessed by client directly
2] Apache HTTP using WebDAV module
3] svnserve tunneled over an SSH (svn + ssh)
First of all I am creating base directory for svn as “/var/repos_base”
root@arun:~# mkdir /var/repos_base
root@arun:~# ls -ld /var/repos_base
drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 2006-12-26 16:32 /var/repos_base
root@arun:~#
How to get help ?
root@arun:~# svnadmin help
root@arun:~# svn help
root@arun:~# svnlook help
root@arun:~# svnsync help
root@arun:~# svnversion –help
root@arun:~# svnserve –help
1] How to create svn repository ?
“svnadmin” command is used to perform adminitrative task in subversion. Like creating, taking dump, hotcopy, recovering & verifying subversion repository.
root@arun:~# svnadmin create /var/repos_base/myrepository
Here “/var/repos_base/myrepository” is the physical location of repository….
root@arun:~# ls -l /var/repos_base/myrepository/
total 28
drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 2006-12-26 16:34 conf
drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 2006-12-26 16:34 dav
drwxr-sr-x 5 root root 4096 2006-12-26 16:34 db
-r–r–r– 1 root root 2 2006-12-26 16:34 format
drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 2006-12-26 16:34 hooks
drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 2006-12-26 16:34 locks
-rw-r–r– 1 root root 229 2006-12-26 16:34 README.txt
root@arun:~#
2] How to create trunk , branches etc directories in svn repository ?
method (1) ~ Local filesystem
root@arun:~# svn mkdir file:///var/repos_base/myrepository/trunk/
Log message unchanged or not specified
a)bort, c)ontinue, e)dit
c
Committed revision 1.
root@arun:~# svn mkdir file:///var/repos_base/myrepository/branches
Log message unchanged or not specified
a)bort, c)ontinue, e)dit
c
Committed revision 2.
root@arun:~#
root@arun:~# svn list file:///var/repos_base/myrepository/
branches/
trunk/
root@arun:~#
method (2) ~ Apache HTTP using WebDAV module
arunsb@arun:~$ svn mkdir http://192.168.0.1/myrepository/trunk/
Log message unchanged or not specified
a)bort, c)ontinue, e)dit
c
Authentication realm: <http://192.168.0.1:80> || Welcome to Subversion Repository ||
Password for ‘arunsb’:
Committed revision 1.
arunsb@arun:~$ svn mkdir http://192.168.0.1/myrepository/branches/
Log message unchanged or not specified
a)bort, c)ontinue, e)dit
c
Committed revision 2.
arunsb@arun:~$ svn list http://192.168.0.1/myrepository/
branches/
trunk/
arunsb@arun:~$
method (3) ~ svnserve tunneled over an SSH (svn + ssh)
arunsb@arun:~$ svn mkdir svn://192.168.0.1/myrepository/branches/
Log message unchanged or not specified
a)bort, c)ontinue, e)dit
c
Authentication realm: <svn://192.168.0.1:3690> ” || Welcome to Subversion Repository ||”
Password for ‘arunsb’:
Committed revision 1.
arunsb@arun:~$ svn mkdir svn://192.168.0.1/myrepository/trunk/
Log message unchanged or not specified
a)bort, c)ontinue, e)dit
c
Committed revision 2.
arunsb@arun:~$ svn list svn://192.168.0.1/myrepository/
branches/
trunk/
arunsb@arun:~$
3] How to import un-versioned data in svn ?
root@arun:~# ls -l /root/source_code/
total 12
-rwxr-xr-x 1 root root 3 2006-12-26 20:01 arun.html
-rw-r–r– 1 root root 2119 2006-12-26 20:03 License
-rwxr-xr-x 1 root root 64 2006-12-26 20:01 my.pl
root@arun:~#
* I wanted to import this data….
method (1)
root@arun:~# svn import /root/source_code/ file:///var/repos_base/myrepository/trunk/ -m “welcome to first import”
Adding /root/source_code/my.pl
Adding /root/source_code/License
Adding /root/source_code/arun.html
Committed revision 3.
root@arun:~#
List the imported data from svn repository -
arunsb@arun:~$ svn list file:///var/repos_base/myrepository/trunk/
License
arun.html
my.pl
arunsb@arun:~$
method (2)
arunsb@arun:~$ svn import /root/source_code/ http://192.168.0.1/myrepository/trunk/ -m “welcome to first import”
Authentication realm: <http://192.168.0.1:80> || Welcome to Subversion Repository ||
Password for ‘arunsb’:
Adding /root/source_code/my.pl
Adding /root/source_code/License
Adding /root/source_code/arun.html
Committed revision 3.
arunsb@arun:~$
method (3)
arunsb@arun:~$ svn import /root/source_code/ svn://192.168.0.1/myrepository/trunk/ -m “welcome to first import”
Authentication realm: <svn://192.168.0.1:3690> ” || Welcome to Subversion Repository ||”
Password for ‘arunsb’:
Adding /root/source_code/my.pl
Adding /root/source_code/License
Adding /root/source_code/arun.html
Committed revision 3.
arunsb@arun:~$
4] How to check out the svn repository ?
method (1)
arunsb@arun:~$ svn checkout file:///var/repos_base/myrepository/trunk/ /home/arunsb/mysource_code/
A /home/arunsb/mysource_code/my.pl
A /home/arunsb/mysource_code/License
A /home/arunsb/mysource_code/arun.html
Checked out revision 3.
arunsb@arun:~$
method (2)
arunsb@arun:~$ svn checkout http://192.168.0.1/myrepository/trunk/ /home/arunsb/mysource_code/
Authentication realm: <http://192.168.0.1:80> || Welcome to Subversion Repository ||
Password for ‘arunsb’:
Checked out revision 2.
arunsb@arun:~$
method (3)
arunsb@arun:~$ svn co svn://192.168.0.1/myrepository/trunk/ /home/arunsb/mysource_code/
Authentication realm: <svn://192.168.0.1:3690> ” || Welcome to Subversion Repository ||”
Password for ‘arunsb’:
Checked out revision 2.
arunsb@arun:~$
* Now check checked out data…
arunsb@arun:~$ ls -l /home/arunsb/mysource_code/
total 12
-rwxr-xr-x 1 arunsb oinstall 3 2006-12-26 20:42 arun.html
-rw-r–r– 1 arunsb oinstall 2119 2006-12-26 20:42 License
-rwxr-xr-x 1 arunsb oinstall 64 2006-12-26 20:42 my.pl
arunsb@arun:~$
** Now go to “/home/arunsb/mysource_code/”
arunsb@arun:~/mysource_code$ cd /home/arunsb/mysource_code/
arunsb@arun:~/mysource_code$ ls
arun.html License my.pl
arunsb@arun:~/mysource_code$
* How to get information about svn repository -
arunsb@arun:~/mysource_code$ svn info
Path: .
URL: file:///var/repos_base/myrepository/trunk
Repository Root: file:///var/repos_base/myrepository
Repository UUID: 361de285-9226-493b-aed7-a95619a457c0
Revision: 3
Node Kind: directory
Schedule: normal
Last Changed Author: root
Last Changed Rev: 3
Last Changed Date: 2006-12-26 20:38:14 +0530 (Fri, 26 Dec 2006)
arunsb@arun:~/mysource_code$
4] How to commit data ?
Now create new file “new_file.php” in modify the file…
arunsb@arun:~/mysource_code$ touch new_file.php
arunsb@arun:~/mysource_code$ ls
arun.html License my.pl new_file.php
arunsb@arun:~/mysource_code$ vi new_file.php
arunsb@arun:~/mysource_code$ mkdir new_dir
arunsb@arun:~/mysource_code$ ls
arun.html License my.pl new_dir new_file.php
arunsb@arun:~/mysource_code$
* Now check the status… ‘?’ means file or directory NOT in svn repository
arunsb@arun:~/mysource_code$ svn status
? new_dir
? new_file.php
arunsb@arun:~/mysource_code$
* Now add newly created files and directories…
arunsb@arun:~/mysource_code$ svn add new_dir
A new_dir
arunsb@arun:~/mysource_code$ svn add new_file.php
A new_file.php
arunsb@arun:~/mysource_code$
* Another method to add directory is…
arunsb@arun:~/mysource_code$ svn mkdir new_dir2
A new_dir2
arunsb@arun:~/mysource_code$
* Now check the status… ‘A’ means data is modified
arunsb@arun:~/mysource_code$ svn status
A new_dir
A new_dir2
A new_file.php
arunsb@arun:~/mysource_code$
* commit modified to svn repository…
arunsb@arun:~/mysource_code$ svn commit -m “committing data”
Adding new_dir
Adding new_dir2
Adding new_file.php
Transmitting file data .
Committed revision 4.
arunsb@arun:~/mysource_code$
5] How to check svn status (working copy) -
arunsb@arun:~/mysource_code$ svn status
arunsb@arun:~/mysource_code$
arunsb@arun:~/mysource_code$ svn status
A new_dir
A new_dir2
A new_file.php
arunsb@arun:~/mysource_code$
6] How to update svn working copy -
arunsb@arun:~/mysource_code$ svn update
At revision 4.
arunsb@arun:~/mysource_code$
* update working copy to specific revision….
arunsb@arun:~/mysource_code$ svn update -r20
7] How to check svn log (working copy) -
arunsb@arun:~/mysource_code$ svn log
————————————————————————
r1 | arunsb | 2008-12-26 21:53:04 +0530 (Fri, 26 Dec 2006) | 1 line
————————————————————————
arunsb@arun:~/mysource_code$
Thank you,
Arun Bagul
1] cat the file arun.txt which has several blank lines
root@indianGNU.org:/home# cat arun.txt
This is first line of file
this is second line
ok this script will help you to delete all blank links from file
How to start shell scripting
make sure that you will win
arun bagul
end of file
root@indianGNU.org:/home#
2] Run command for removing lines
root@indianGNU.org:/home# grep -v “^$” arun.txt > no_blank_lines.txt
3] Chcek new file -
root@indianGNU.org:/home# cat no_blank_lines.txt
This is first line of file
this is second line
ok this script will help you to delete all blank links from file
How to start shell scripting
make sure that you will win
arun bagul
end of file
root@indianGNU.org:/home#
Programs which give privileges to users must properly authenticate each user. For instance, when you log into a system, you provide your username and password, and the log in process uses this username and password to verify your identity.
Pluggable Authentication Modules (PAM) allows the system administrator to set authentication policies for PAM-aware applications without having to recompile authentication programs. PAM does this by utilizing a pluggable, modular architecture. Which modules PAM calls for a particular application is determined by looking at that application’s PAM configuration file in the /etc/pam.d/ directory.
In most situations, you will never need to alter the default PAM configuration files for a PAM-aware application. Whenever you use rpm or deb or tgz to install programs that require authentication, they automatically make the changes necessary to do normal password authentication using PAM. However, if you need to customize the PAM configuration file, you must understand the structure of this file.
Advantages of PAM
When used correctly, PAM provides the following advantages for a system administrator:
· It provides a common authentication scheme that can be used with a wide variety of applications.
· It allows great flexibility and control over authentication for both the system administrator and application developer.
· It allows application developers to develop their program without implementing a particular authentication scheme. Instead, they can focus purely on the details of their program.
Thanks
Ravi Bhure
