Introduction –

In this article we will cover cPanel directory structure and configuration files -
When you install cPanel on your web Server, cPanel configuration files, setting, script, admin templates and 3rd party modules are stored in following three directories -

● /usr/local/cpanel
● /var/cpanel
● /scripts

1) /usr/local/cpanel – This is the main directory for cPanel, most of the setting is stored here.

a) /usr/local/cpanel/bin -This directory contains only scripts and binaries which provide installation and configuration of many cPanel managed services…

b) /usr/local/cpanel/logs -

This directory contains access log ,error log and license log of cPanel control panel.

* Access log format -

[source address] – [username] [[date]] [status] [url] [browser agent]

root@arunbagul:~#tail -f /usr/local/cpanel/logs/access_log
127.0.0.1 – root [31/May/2006:23:11:31 -0500] “” 500 0
“https://www/cpane.net:2087/scripts/command?PFILE=main” “Mozilla/5.0 (X11; U; Linux
i686; en-US; rv:1.8.0.3) Gecko/20060512 Firefox/1.5.0.3″
127.0.0.1 – root [31/May/2006:23:11:31 -0500] “” 500 0
“https://www.cpanel.net:2087/scripts/command” “Mozilla/5.0 (X11; U; Linux i686; en-US;
rv:1.8.0.3) Gecko/20060512 Firefox/1.5.0.3″
…….
……….

root@arunbagul:~#

* Error log -

root@arunbagul:~# tail -f /usr/local/cpanel/logs/error_log
Can’t locate Net/AIM/Connection.pm in @INC (@INC contains: /scripts /usr/lib/perl5/5.8.7/i686-
linux… /usr/lib/perl5/site_perl/5.8.7/i686-linux /usr/lib/perl5/site_perl/5.8.7 /
usr/lib/perl5/site_perl/5.8.5 /usr/lib…. /usr/lib/perl5/site_perl/5.8.3 /usr/lib/perl5/site_perl/5.8.2 /
usr/lib/perl5/site_perl/5.8.1 /usr/lib/perl5/site… /usr/lib/perl5/site_perl .) at /
usr/lib/perl5/site_perl/5.8.7/Net/AIM.pm line 37.
BEGIN failed–compilation aborted at /usr/lib/perl5/site_perl/5.8.7/Net/AIM.pm line 37.
Compilation failed in require at /scripts/cPScript/iContact.pm line 14.
BEGIN failed–compilation aborted at /scripts/cPScript/iContact.pm line 14.
Compilation failed in require at /scripts/wwwacct line 18.
BEGIN failed–compilation aborted at /scripts/wwwacct line 18.
….
…..
root@arunbagul:~#

* License log file -

root@arunbagul:~# tail -f /usr/local/cpanel/logs/license_log
License Update Request at: Wed May 13
02:16:13 2007
License Server returned: Key Accepted
License Server returned: Key Follows
License Updated Successfully
….
…..
root@arunbagul:~#

* Stat log -

root@arunbagul:~# tail -f /usr/local/cpanel/logs/stats_log
Update for config
“/home/techdump/tmp/awstats/awstats.cpanel.net.conf”
With data in log file “/usr/local/apache/domlogs/techdump.net”…
Phase 1 : First bypass old records, searching new record…
Direct access to last remembered record is out of file.
So searching it from beginning of log file…
Phase 2 : Now process new records (Flush history on disk after
20000 hosts)…
Jumped lines in file: 0
Parsed lines in file: 14
Found 0 dropped records,
Found 0 corrupted records,
Found 0 old records,
Found 10 new qualified records.
…….
………

root@arunbagul:~#

c) /usr/local/cpanel/base -

This is the base directory for cPanel admin panel web server(apache). It also contains directory
/usr/local/cpanel/base/frontend – this directory content control pannel themes like x ,x2 , xmail, monsoon etc…

d) /usr/local/cpanel/base/etc -

This directory contains conf files for cPanel admin panel, template files for FTP, HTTP, mail, zone files..

e) Extra 3rd party modules for cPanel –

3rd party module which are not part of cPanel base, can be installed in /usr/local/cpanel/3rdparty directory.. like ioncube etc

Thank you,
Arun Bagul

Introduction-

One day I was just playing with device files in /dev directory. While next reboot I met a new error “Mounting proc filesystem Bad file descriptor No such partition found …” I have no idea why this is happening! I stuck with this problem for two days and with lot of search on internet I found that this is due to /dev/null is modifed as “regular file“!! To fix this, I login in to rescue mode and then remounted the root(/) file system as read-write and restore the /dev/null file!

bash-arun~# mount -n -o remount,rw /
bash-arun~#
bash-arun~# rm -f /dev/null

bash-arun~# mknod -m 0666 /dev/null c 1 3
bash-arun~#

That’s it!!

root@arunbagul:~# ls -l /dev/null
crw-rw-rw- 1 root root 1, 3 2008-02-29 09:22 /dev/null
root@arunbagul:~#

* As shown above the /dev/null is character device file…

command(1) mknod – this command is used to create “Block device” or “Character device” special files….

mknod [options]… NAME TYPE [MAJOR MINOR]

Options -

-m, –mode=MODE
set permission mode (permission need to be numeric format)
–help display this help and exit

–version
output version information and exit

Both MAJOR and MINOR must be specified when TYPE is b, c, or u, and they must be omitted when TYPE is p. If MAJOR or MINOR begins with 0x or 0X, it is interpreted as hexadecimal; otherwise, if it begins with 0, as octal; otherwise, as decimal.

TYPE may be -

b –> create a block (buffered) special file

c, u –> create a character (unbuffered) special file

p –> create a FIFO

Example -

root@arunbagul:~# mknod /tmp/arun p
root@arunbagul:~#
root@arunbagul:~# ls -l /tmp/arun
prw-r–r– 1 root root 0 2008-04-18 23:31 /tmp/arun
root@arunbagul:~#

root@arunbagul:~# mknod -m 666 /tmp/block_device b 12 16
root@arunbagul:~#
root@arunbagul:~# ls -l /tmp/block_device
brw-rw-rw- 1 root root 12, 16 2008-04-18 23:32 /tmp/block_device
root@arunbagul:~#

Cheers,
Arun Bagul

Introduction -

Introductions -

First starts with PHP4 features. PHP4 started up with object-oriented concepts like as c++. PHP4 got almost all the OOPs features. With little difference in functionality…

Below are PHP4 added features -

1. class

2. extends

3. Constructors

4. Scope Resolution Operator (::)

5. parent

6. Serializing objects – objects in sessions

7. The magic functions __sleep and __wakeup

8. References inside the constructor

9. Comparing objects

PHP 5 now came up with new Object Model. Even php4 contains the object model functionalities but PHP5 handling of objects has been completely rewritten, allowing for better performance and more features.

Features Of PHP5 -

10. Constructors and Destructor
    

11. Visibility

12. Scope Resolution Operator (::)

13. Static Keyword

14. Class Constants

15. Class Abstraction

16. Object Interfaces

17. Overloading

18. Object Iteration

19. Patterns

20. Magic Methods

21. Final Keyword

22. Object cloning

23. Comparing objects

24. Reflection

25. Type Hinting

26. Late Static Binding

Some of the above features are in PHP4. But still PHP5 has got improved functionalities on above features. Some of the syntaxes are changed.

Thank you,

Santhosh Tirunahari